BIOLOGY SYLLABUS ALL
CONTENTS OF CLASS XI SYLLABUS
UNIT
I: Diversity in Living World
•
What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life;
Taxonomy & Systematic- Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy;
Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy – Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical
gardens.
•
Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera;
Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.
•
Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae,
Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (three to five salient
and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category);
Angiosperms- classification up to class, characteristic features and examples).
•
Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level
and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least
two examples).
UNIT
II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
•
Morphology and modifications; Tissues;
Anatomy and functions
of different parts
of flowering plants:
Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose,
flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the
Practical Syllabus).
•
Animal tissues; Morphology,
anatomy and functions
of different systems
(digestive, circulatory, respiratory,
nervous and reproductive) of an
insect (cockroach). (Brief account only)
UNIT
III: Cell Structure and Function
•
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell
wall; Cell organelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes,
plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra
structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.
•
Chemical constituents of
living cells: Biomolecules-structure and
function of proteins,
carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic
acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action.
•
B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.
UNIT
IV: Plant Physiology
•
Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell
transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant – water
relations – Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance
transport of water – Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root
pressure and guttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake
and translocation of mineral nutrients-Transport of food, phloem transport,
Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention).
•
Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role;
Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a
method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle,
biological nitrogen fixation.
•
Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as
a means of Autotrophic nutrition;
Site of photosynthesis take
place; pigments involved
in Photosynthesis
(Elementary idea); Photochemical
and biosynthetic phases
of photosynthesis; Cyclic
and non cyclic
and photo phospho rylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3
and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.
•
Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation
(anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations-Number
of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
•
Plant growth and
development: Seed germination;
Phases of Plant
growth and plant
growth rate; Conditions
of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and
redifferentiation; Sequence of
developmental process in
a plant cell;
Growth regulators-auxin,gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed
dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism
UNIT
V: Human Physiology
•
Digestion and absorption; Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of
digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion,
absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value
of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive
disorders – PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.
•
Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only);
Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in
humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration
Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema,
Occupational respiratory disorders.
•
Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of
blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory
system-Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac
output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of 38 cardiac activity; Disorders
of circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris,
Heart failure.
•
Excretory products and
their elimination: Modes
of excretion- Ammonotelism,
ureotelism, uricotelism; Human
excretory system-structure
and fuction; Urine
formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation
of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial
Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in
excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis;
Dialysis and artificial kidney.
•
Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular;
Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system
and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical
syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis,
Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.
•
Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans-
central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral
nervous system; Generation
and conduction of
nerve impulse; Reflex
action; Sense organs;
Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.
•
Chemical coordination and
regulation: Endocrine glands
and hormones; Human
endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary,
Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of
hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators,
Hypo-and hyperactivity and
related disorders (Common
disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic
goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease).
(Imp:
Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)
CONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS
UNIT
I: Reproduction
•
Reproduction in organisms:
Reproduction, a characteristic feature
of all organisms
for continuation of
species; Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual; Asexual
reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation;
vegetative propagation in plants.
•
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male
and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding
devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization
events-Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation
of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of
seed and fruit formation.
•
Human Reproduction: Male
and female reproductive
systems; Microscopic anatomy
of testis and
ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis
& oogenesis; Menstrual
cycle; Fertilisation, embryo
development upto blastocyst
formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary
idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).
•
Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually
transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted
reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general
awareness).
UNIT
II: Genetics and Evolution
•
Heredity and variation:
Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations
from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance,
Co-dominance, Multiple
alleles and Inheritance
of blood groups,
Pleiotropy; Elementary idea
of polygenic inheritance;
Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex
determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex
linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in
humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s
and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
•
Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic
material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central
dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and
regulation-Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.
•
Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological
evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular
evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution;
Mechanism of evolutionVariation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural
Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic
drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.
UNIT
III: Biology and Human Welfare
•
Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria,
Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring
worm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS;
Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
•
Improvement in food
production; Plant breeding,
tissue culture, single
cell protein, Biofortification; Apiculture and Animal husbandry.
•
Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production,
sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and
biofertilizers.
UNIT
IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
•
Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant
DNAtechnology).
•
Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and
vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops;
Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.
UNIT
V: Ecology and environment
•
Organisms and environment:
Habitat and niche;
Population and ecological
adaptations; Population interactions-mutualism, competition,
predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate,
age distribution.
•
Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow;
Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous);
Ecological succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen
release.
•
Biodiversity and its
conservation: Concept of
Biodiversity; Patterns of
Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity
conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book,
biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries.
•
Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its
control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive
waste management; Greenhouse
effect and global
warning; Ozone depletion;
Deforestation; Any three case
studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.