CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS ALL
CONTENTS OF CLASS XI SYLLABUS
UNIT
I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
•
General Introduction:Important and scope of chemistry.
•
Laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: concept of elements,
atoms and molecules.
•
Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage
composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions,
stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.
UNIT
II: Structure of Atom
•
Atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Concept of shells and subshells, dual
nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty
principle, concept of orbital, quantum numbers, shapes of s,p and d orbitals,
rules for filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion
principles and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of
half filled and completely filled orbital’s.
UNIT
III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
•
Modern periodic law and long form of periodic table, periodic trends in
properties of elements- atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy,
electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence.
UNIT
IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
•
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure,
polar character of covalent bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of
molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals
and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear
diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond.
UNIT
V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
•
Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting
and boiling points, role of gas laws of elucidating the concept
of the molecule,
Boyle’s law, Charle’s
law, Gay Lussac’s
law, Avogadro’s law,
ideal behaviour of
gases, empirical derivation of
gas equation. Avogadro number, ideal gas equation. Kinetic energy and
molecular speeds (elementary
idea),
deviation
from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature.
•
Liquid State- Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea
only, no mathematical derivations).
UNIT
VI: Thermodynamics
•
First law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and
specific heat, measurement of ∆U and ∆H, Hess’s law of
constant heat summation, enthalpy
of : bond dissociation, combustion, formation,
atomization, sublimation, phase transition,
ionization, solution and dilution.
•
Introduction of entropy
as state function,
Second law of
thermodynamics, Gibbs energy
change for spontaneous
and non spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity.
•
Third law of thermodynamics- Brief introduction.
UNIT
VII: Equilibrium
•
Equilibrium in physical
and chemical processes,
dynamic nature of
equilibrium, law of
chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, factors affecting
equilibrium-Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids
and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of
polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of PH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary
idea), buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion
effect (with illustrative examples).
UNIT
VIII: Redox Reactions
•
Concept of oxidation and oxidation and reduction, redox reactions oxidation
number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and
change in oxidation numbers.
UNIT
IX: Hydrogen
•
Occurrence, isotopes, preparation,
properties and uses
of hydrogen; hydrides-ionic, covalent
and interstitial; physical
and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen
peroxide-preparation, reactions, uses and structure;
UNIT
X: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
•
Group I and group 2 elements:
•
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous
properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in
the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic
radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and
halogens; uses.
•
Preparation and Properties of Some important Compounds:
•
Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium
hydrogencarbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium.
•
Industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca.
UNIT
XI: Some p-Block Elements
•
General Introduction to p-Block Elements.
•
Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,
variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity,
anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boron, some important
compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses, reactions with
acids and alkalies.
•
General 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration,
occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical
reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon, allotropic forms,
physical and chemical properties: uses of some important compounds: oxides.
•
Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride,
silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses.
UNIT
XII: Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques
•
General introduction, methods of purification qualitative and quantitative
analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.
•
Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric
effect, resonance and hyper conjugation.
•
Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radials,
carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic
reactions.
UNIT
XIII: Hydrocarbons
•
Alkanes- Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical
properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of
halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.
•
Alkanes-Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism,
physical properties, methods of preparation: chemical reactions:
addition of hydrogen,
halogen, water, hydrogen
halides (Markovnikov’s addition
and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of
electrophilic addition.
•
Alkynes-Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties,
methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes,
addition reaction of- hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
•
Aromatic hydrocarbons- Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene; resonance,
aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution-
Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation;
directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene;
carcinogenicity and toxicity.
UNIT
XIV: Environmental Chemistry
•
Environmental pollution: Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in
atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain ozone and its
reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global
warming-pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative
tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.
CONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS
UNIT
I: Solid State
•
Classification of solids based on different binding forces; molecular, ionic
covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary
idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation
of density of unit cell, packing in
solids, packing efficiency,
voids, number of
atoms per unit
cell in a
cubic unit cell,
point defects, electrical
and magnetic properties, Band
theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
UNIT
II: Solutions
•
Types of
solutions, expression of
concentration of solutions
of solids in
liquids, solubility of
gases in liquids,
solid solutions, Colligative
properties- relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of
boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of
molecular masses using colligative properties abnormal molecular mass. VanHoff factor.
UNIT
III: Electrochemistry
•
Redox reactions, conductance
in electrolytic solutions,
specific and molar
conductivity variation of
conductivity with concentration,
kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and Laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry
cell- electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell,
standard electrode potential, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a
cell, fuel cells; corrosion.
UNIT
IV: Chemical Kinetics
•
Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction;
concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction;
rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life
(only for zero and first order
reactions); concept of
collision theory (
elementary idea, no
mathematical treatment). Activation
energy, Arrhenius equation.
UNIT
V: Surface Chemistry
•
Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors
affecting adsorption of
gases on solids,
catalysis homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity
and selectivity: enzyme
catalysis; colloidal state:
distinction between true
solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic
multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall
effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions- types of
emulsions.
UNIT
VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
•
Principles and methods
of extraction-
concentration, oxidation, reduction
electrolytic method and
refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium,
copper, zinc and iron.
UNIT
VII: p-Block Elements
•
Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,
oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and
properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only);
Phosphorous- allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and
properties of phosphine, halides (PCI3, PCI5) and oxoacids (elementary idea
only).
•
Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation
states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen preparation,
properties and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur allotropic forms;
compounds of sulphur: preparation, preparation, properties and uses of sulphur
dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and
uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).
•
Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation
states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of
halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid,
interhalogen compounds oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
•
Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,
trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.
UNIT
VIII: d and f Block Elements
•
General introduction, electronic
configuration,
characteristics of transition
metals, general trends
in properties of
the first row transition metals-
metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color,
catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy
formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
•
Lanthanoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity,
and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
•
Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with
lanthanoids.
UNIT
IX: Coordination Compounds
•
Coordination compounds:
Introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic
properties and shapes,
IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism
(structural and stereo) bonding, Werner’s theory VBT,CFT; importance of
coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems).
UNIT
X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
•
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical
properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.
•
Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of
halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).
•
Uses and environment effects of dichloromethane, trichloromethane,
tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
UNIT
XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
•
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and
tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to
methanol and ethanol.
•
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties,
acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of
phenols.
•
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties uses.
UNIT
XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
•
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of
preparation, physical and chemical properties; and mechanism of nucleophilic
addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.
•
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical
and chemical properties; uses.
UNIT
XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
•
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation,
physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and
tertiary amines.
•
Cyanides and Isocyanides- will be mentioned at relevant places.
•
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic
organic chemistry.
UNIT
XIV: Biomolecules
•
Carbohydrates- Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose
and fructose), D.L. configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose,
maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): importance.
•
Proteins- Elementary idea of
– amino acids,
peptide bond, polypeptides,
proteins, primary structure,
secondary structure, tertiary
structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of
proteins; enzymes.
•
Hormones- Elementary idea (excluding structure).
•
Vitamins: Classification and function.
•
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
UNIT
XV: Polymers
•
Classification- Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and
condensation), copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic
like polyesters, Bakelite; rubber, Biodegradable and non-biodegradable
polymers.
UNIT
XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
•
Chemicals in medicines-
analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics,
disinfectants,
antimicrobials, anti fertility drugs,
antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
•
Chemicals in food- preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea
of antioxidants.
•
Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
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